Photography
2016 midterm exam study sheet rev 11_30_16
Photography is the science, art and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film, or electronically by means of an image sensor.
The word photography comes from two ancient Greek words: photo, for "light," and graph, for "drawing." "Drawing with light" is a way of describing photography.
A photograph can be a portrait, selfie, street scene, still life, a historical document that is frozen time, a landscape, and much more.
Camera: An optical device for taking photographs, generally consisting of a lightproof enclosure having an opening or aperture with a shuttered lens through which the image of an object is focused and recorded on a photosensitive film, plate, or a sensor in digital photography.
A camera obscura (Latin: "dark chamber") is an optical device that led to photography and the camera. The device consists of a box or room with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside, where it is reproduced, rotated 180 degrees (thus upside-down), but with color and perspective preserved. The image can be projected onto paper, and can then be traced to produce a highly accurate representation.
The Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384-322 BCE); Mozi (470 to 390 BCE), a Chinese philosopher; and Euclid, born unknown (mid-4th century BC) died unknown (mid-3rd century BC), all contributed observations knowledge about this phenomenon.
Study the information on this link: |
Lenses and mirrors were added to the camera obscura during the Renaissance.
In the mid-1820's, a metal plate, coated with a light-sensitive emulsion was added to create the first photograph. These photos were called daguerreotypes.
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good video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqE3X-iospE
The Vocabulary of Art & Photography
art elements & principles of design:
Art Elements
Line: A line is a path left by a moving point. A continuous mark on a surface.
What are the functions of line?
1. to outline a shape
2. to create movement and emphasis
3. to develop pattern and texture
4. to shade and model using hatching, crosshatching and stippling.
Shape is a two dimensional area with identifiable boundaries.
What are the two broad categories of shape?
1. Geometric shapes - mechanically drawn lines, squares, rectangles, circles. We see them in architecture and manufactured items.
2. Organic shapes - are shapes based on forms of nature, which are usually rounded, irregular and curving. Leaf, seashells, flowers. We see them in nature and with characteristics that are free flowing, informal and irregular.
Value - is the lightness or darkness of a color or photo
• High-Key is where the picture is all light values.
• Low-Key is where the picture is all dark values.
• Value Contrast is where light values are placed next to dark values to create contrast or strong differences.
• Value Scale is a scale that shows the gradual change in value from its lightest value, white to its darkest value black.
Texture refers to surface quality.
• Real Texture is the actual texture of an object. Artist may create real texture in art to give it visual interest or evoke a feeling. A piece of pottery may have a rough texture so that it will look like it came from nature or a smooth texture to make it look like it is machine made.
• Implied Texture is the where a two-dimensional piece of art is made to look like a certain texture but in fact is just a smooth piece of paper. Like a drawing of a tree trunk may look rough but in fact it is just a smooth piece of paper.
Greyed areas not on exam:
The two types of space are three dimensional and two dimensional.
The two types of space are three dimensional and two dimensional.
1. three dimensional space - is the actual space an object takes up, our body, a house, a can or a sculpture. An example is the Frank Lloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum.
2. two dimensional space - refers to the space in a painting, drawing, print or other type of flat art.
Positive Space-In a drawing or painting positive shapes are the solid forms in a design such as a bowl of fruit. In a sculpture it is the solid form of the sculpture.
Negative Space-In a drawing it is the space around the positive shape or the shape around the bowl of fruit. In sculpture it is the empty shape around and between the sculptures.
Principles of Design
Emphasis:
a principle of design by which the artist or designer may use opposing sizes or shapes, contrasting colors, or other means to place greater attention on certain areas or objects in a work of art. Emphasis is achieved by dominance and subordination, bright against dull, light on dark, large among small, etc.
What are 3 ways you could create emphasis in a photograph?
Balance: a principle of design that refers to the equalization of elements in a work of art. There are three types of balance
Asymmetrical-balance in which one side of the composition appears different from the other side while remaining balanced with it.
Symmetrical- balance in which both sides are identical.
Radial-balance based on a circle, with features radiating from a central point.
Contrast: a principle of design that refers to differences in values, colors, textures, and other elements in artwork to achieve emphasis and interest.
Movement: a principle of design that refers to the arrangement of parts in artwork to create a flow of the viewer’s eye through the repeated arrangement of line, shape, color, texture or value; through the orderly positioning of objects; through contrasting positive and negative shapes; through contrasting sizes; or through gradation of colors and values.
Pattern: a principle of design in which combinations of lines, colors, and shapes are repeated. These repetitions create rhythm in a work of art. Motif is a unit that is repeated in visual rhythm (suggest movement through repetition). Units in a motif may or may not be an exact duplicate of the first unit.
Unity: a principle of design that refers to a sense of wholeness or oneness in an artwork. In other words, all the parts look like they belong together. Unity involves the co-ordination of all these parts to communicate the idea of the artwork.
No one element in a design is an entity in itself. Each element is positioned and organized to contribute to the harmony and unity of the total design.
Unity requires varying emphases so that the design has dominant and subordinate parts.
Unity may be achieved by repetition of color, texture, value, shape, and/or line; by similarity-the colors, shapes or textures all resemble each other; and by grouping or overlapping visual elements.
review and know:
http://hillwoodphoto2.blogspot.com/2014/10/art-elements-and-principles-of-design.html
scroll down to "rule of thirds"
review
http://hillwoodphoto2.blogspot.com/2014/08/photography-begins.html
Photoshop
Save photos into your Documents folder
The move tool lets you move different images in a Photoshop document
In this class, photos that are being sent via e-mail should be saved as a JPEG
In this class, we sent an email with the photo included as an attachment
In this class, we converted color photos to black and white by going to Image>Mode>Grayscale
Photos are lightened or darkened by using the Levels adjustment.
To resize a photo in proportion, you should select Edit>Free Transform. The press and hold the Shift key while dragging a corner up inward to scale down and outward to scale up.
When viewing online images, a resolution of 1000 pixels suggests the photo is "high resolution"
To cut out or delete a large area of a solid color, like a solid white background, use the Magic Eraser Tool.
